AKA Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller. Retrieved December 19, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schiller-friedrich-von. The second issue of Thaliacontained Schiller's hymn An die Freude, which later inspired Ludwig van Beethoven to create his magnificent Ninth Symphony in D Minor. Forbidden by the duke to pursue his literary work, he absconded from Württemberg later that year, and after serving as resident playwright at Mannheim for one year, he moved to Dresden and Leipzig and then in 1787 to Weimar, home of several leading literary figures, chiefly Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. To this day, many regard Friedrich Schiller as the greatest dramatist in all of German history. Schiller's work as a poet and dramatist falls into two distinct periods: before 1789 and from the mid-1790s to his death. For a time he lay critically ill, and, although he rallied after several relapses, he never fully recovered from a combination of chest trouble and digestive disorder that proved intractable. Professor of German, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, 1951–77. Schiller had accepted Körner’s generous offer of hospitality and financial help in the spirit in which it was made. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? . In the opening strophe of this work, man, standing on the threshold of a new century, is depicted as the master of nature. ." NOVALIS (Friedrich Leopold von Hardenberg…, SCHLEGEL, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1767–1845), German literary critic and scholar. Friedrich von Schiller. ." His father was an army doctor. Meantime, Schiller's conflict with the Duke of Württemberg forced him to flee Stuttgart in September 1782. Schiller enjoyed the friendship of Goethe, with whom he began editing the literary journals Horen (1795-1797) and Musenalmanach (1796-1800). In 1795 he wrote in his Ü ber die aesthetische Erziehung des Menschen, "There is no other way to make the sensuous man rational and reasonable than by first making him esthetic." Friedrich Schiller wurde am 10. . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. ——. Austrian physician and bacteriologist 1967), which has an extensive introduction about Schiller along with some of his works; and John Martin Ellis, Schiller's Kalliasbriefe and the Study of His Aesthetic Theory (1969). Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Why your go-to-market strategy should be industry focused; Dec. 1, 2020. New York, 1958. . Born on 10 November 1759 in Marbach, in W ü rttemberg, the only son of a low-ranking army officer, Schiller was educated from 1773 to 1780 at the military academy founded by Karl Eugen, duke of W ü rttemberg (1728 – 1793). In February 1803 he was created a nobleman. The new play was rejected, however, and when Schiller prepared a revised version with a different ending, this was rejected, too. Dalberg, not anxious to provoke a diplomatic incident by sheltering a deserter, kept him at arm’s length. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. His compositions include the “Paris” Symphony (1778) and the opera The Marriage of Figaro (1786). In 1798-1799 Schiller completed his great trilogy on Albrecht von Wallenstein, the condottiere of the Thirty Years War. In this work about the love of a young aristocrat for a girl of humble origin, Schiller’s innate sense of drama comes to the fore. Schiller's work surfaced at a time when art and literature were dominated by the immense accomplishments of English, French, and Italian artists and writers. There he finished his third tragedy, Kabale und Liebe (1784; Cabal and Love). Compare the early and later works of one of your favorite authors in a paper. Don Carlos also set a precedent for the verse form of the German classical drama: Shakespearean blank verse. Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich Von (1759–1805) They also bear the imprint of Schiller's medical training at the military academy and in particular of his interest in the problem of mind-body relationships. Schiller launched into a period of productivity that ensured his fame and social position. He gave jubilant expression to his new mood of contentment in his hymn “An die Freude” (“Ode to Joy”), which Beethoven was to use for the choral movement of his Ninth Symphony. GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749–1832; elevated to the nobil…, Novalis (Friedrich Leopold von Hardenberg; 1772–1802) Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html, MAJOR WORKS:The Robbers (1781)Intrigue and Love (1784)Wallenstein (1800)Maria Stuart (1801)Wilhelm Tell (1804). With the production of The Minister, he was recognized as one of the great masters of German drama. Achim von Arnim Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805) is best known for his immense influence on German literature. 1845). She had rented a simple ground-floor room to Schiller and another lieutenant. Witte, W. Schiller. His studies in esthetics accompanied his historical researches. Schiller's plays often drew on historical events for both content and emotion. The appeal of its theme (the revolt of elemental human feeling against the artificialities of convention), the vigour of its social criticism, and the vitality of its dialogue and characters combine to make Kabale und Liebe great theatre. Goethe's residence in Weimar was a main reason for Schiller's move there, from Jena with his family, in 1799. This conflict forced Schiller to flee Stuttgart in 1782, launching a period of financial deprivation and uncertainty. Translated by Hilary Collier Sy-Quia. His resentment found expression in some of his early poems and especially in his first play, Die Räuber, a stirring protest against stifling convention and corruption in high places. . Friedrich von Schiller was born at Marbach, Württemberg, on Nov. 10, 1759. Their correspondence, along with their joint essays and projects, had a lasting impact on German literary debate and practice. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. H…, von Gruber, Max (1853-1927) In 1787 Schiller paid a visit to his friend Frau von Kalb in Weimar, the residence of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who at that time was traveling in Italy. 1186, citing Alter Friedhof Weimar, Weimar, Stadtkreis Weimar, Thüringen, Germany ; Maintained by Find A Grave . Just as the stage had changed into a tribunal in his famous poem Die Kraniche des Ibykus, so to him true art changes into higher reality. Friedrich Schiller was the second child of Lieut. 44 vols. During this shift, Schiller established the tradition of a new type of drama, the Ideendrama, or drama of ideas. World Encyclopedia. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/johann-christoph-friedrich-von-schiller. By now Schiller had reached an artistic maturity incompatible with moralizing. This well-known classic portrays human involvement in the events leading up to the bloody French Revolution. "Schiller, Friedrich von ." ." A friend gave him a post at the Mannheim Theater in 1783, and he was offered generous financial assistance by patron and friend Christian Gottfried Körner. After 1790 Schiller became intensely interested in the philosophy and esthetics of Immanuel Kant. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Schiller moved from romantic poetry to a quieter and more measured style as he grew older. During his lifetime, he was lauded as one of the figures who raised the stature of German literature. Omissions? . Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Schiller revealed his technical mastery at its most supreme in Wilhelm Tell (1804). ——. No mention of reward or recompense for the sufferer, or of moral striving after inner freedom, is made. Schiller's work inspired important pieces of music, from Beethoven's “Ode to Joy” to Rossini's. Schiller wrote his important essay in esthetics, Ü ber naive und sentimentalische Dichtung, in 1795-1796. The German writer Achim von Arnim (1781-1831) is known chiefly for his novels and his edition of German folk songs. Other useful studies are Stanley S. Kerry, Schiller's Writings on Aesthetics (1961); Elizabeth M. Wilkinson and L. A. Willoughby, eds., Schiller: On the Aesthetic Education of Man, in a Series of Letters (trans. World Encyclopedia. 12 vols. In the fragmentary drama Demetrius, Schiller unfolds a mysterious fate, revealing through his analytical dramatic technique a past crime more terrible to contemplate than any dread of the future. The two great German poets met the following year in the house of Frau von Lengefeld (later to be Schiller's mother-in-law) in Rudolstadt. Schillers Werke. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schiller-johann-christoph-friedrich-von-1759-1805, SHARPE, LESLEY "Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich Von (1759–1805) Hugo von Hofmannsthal was…, Friedrichs (real name, Christofes), Fritz. His father, Johannes Kaspar Schiller, was an officer and surgeon. In the nineteenth century, critics admired Schiller's taste and feeling and his concern for human freedom. Wallenstein recognizes his guilt and acknowledges the justice of his end because he realizes that every evil deed brings with it its angel of revenge. In his influential treatise Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (1794; On the aesthetic education of man in a series of letters), he argues that beauty as "living form" symbolizes and helps bring about the ideal harmony of sense and spirit to which human beings aspire. Rather it should bring out the poetry of the play, thereby converting the modern world into a poetic one. Schiller wrote his most popular play, Maria Stuart, in 1800. Mary remains a noble and tragic character right up to the scaffold. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schiller-johann-christoph-friedrich-von-1759-1805, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schiller-friedrich-von. During 1795 Schiller started again to write poetry. In 1804, Schiller published his greatest literary achievement, Wilhelm Tell, a powerful blend of history and heroic fiction. But by means of the esthetic form man can "annihilate" the material aspects of life and triumph over transient matter. "Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von Friedrich Schiller, Medicine, Psychology and Literature: With the First English Edition of His Complete Medical and Psychological Writings. Critics marveled at his ability to portray with immediacy and complexity human suffering and the triumph of the human spirit. His 1796 essay “On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry” is considered the basis for modern poetry criticism. His theory of the sublime in tragedy claims that tragedy mediates an experience of transcendence derived from the awareness that human beings may assert their moral freedom even while being physically destroyed (see in particular "Über das Pathetische" [On tragic pity]). During this period Christian Gottfried Körner generously offered Schiller financial help and hospitality, becoming his patron and friend. Schiller travelled to Mannheim without the Duke’s permission in order to be present on the first night. . In order to have the play accepted, Schiller had to prepare a stage version in which the rebellious ardour of his original text was toned down. In them he comes nearest to the tragic grandeur of William Shakespeare and Heinrich von Kleist. Poem Hunter › Friedrich Schiller › Poems. Berkeley, 1978. Contemporary critics have suggested that Schiller's dramas are less accessible to modern readers due to their flamboyant, sometimes bombastic language. Schiller's next play, Die Jungfrau von Orleans (1801), is his poetically richest drama. Legacy Though Schiller has tended to fall under the shadow of Goethe, his famous friend, he continues to hold an important place in German literature. Retrieved December 19, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schiller-johann-christoph-friedrich-von-1759-1805. In a paper, address these questions: How would the lack of a patron affect an author's literary output? ." He began to write philosophical treatises and poems, including “The Artists” (1789), a work in which he celebrates art as a power that could create world harmony, overcome human desire, and awaken the artist to the mystery and beauty of the universe. Contemporary critics also tend to stress the philosophical underpinnings of Schiller's plays and poetry as well as the political themes in his works. This literary tendency, characterized by passion, turbulence, and melodrama, was embraced by both Schiller and Goethe early in their writing careers. Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of World Literature. Werke und Briefe. In 1782 Die Räuber received its first stage performance, in Mannheim. Encyclopedia.com. Schiller created the character of Wilhelm Tell as a manly hero without making him into a leader. ." Nevertheless, most commentators agree that Schiller's themes and concerns, including political and individual freedom, the complexity of human endeavor, and the struggle between the rational and sensual aspects of the self are remarkably prescient of twentiethand twenty-first-century concerns. The plan failed, and he was convicted and hanged for his role in the conspiracy. □. Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of World Literature. Schiller-Handbuch. Edited by Otto Dann et al. Prezi Video + Unsplash: Access over two million images to tell your story through video Schiller moved to Leipzig, where he was befriended by Christian Gottfried Körner. The compositional difficulties Schiller encountered with Don Carlos provoked a creative crisis, and though he wrote two seminal poems in 1788, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The gods of Greece) and "Die Künstler" (The artists), he turned away for almost a decade from creative writing, with the purpose of clarifying his thoughts on art in general and tragedy in particular. Oxford and New York, 1991. Dewhurst, Kenneth, and Nigel Reeves. . SHARPE, LESLEY "Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich Von (1759–1805) Kristin Lavransdatter (1920), a novel by Sigrid Undset. See also Drama: German ; German Literature and Language ; Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von . A rapid succession of verse plays followed up to his death: Maria Stuart (1801; Mary Stuart), Die Jungfrau von Orleans (1802; The maid of Orleans), Die Braut vonMessina (1803; The bride of Messina), Wilhelm Tell (1804; William Tell), and Demetrius (unfinished). Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller As a boy, Schiller, under the influence of Philipp Ulrich Moser, a parson, wanted to become a preacher. Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of World Literature, GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749–1832; elevated to the nobility as von Goethe in 1782) Encyclopedia.com. In 1794 he formed a friendship and alliance with Goethe based on shared convictions about the enduring validity of classical principles in art and about the centrality of art as a human activity. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790): A founding father of the United States, Franklin was also a prolific writer and inventor. That same year Schiller published the Laura-Odenin his Anthologie auf das Jahr 1782. An early biography of Schiller is Thomas Carlyle, The Life of Friedrich Schiller (1825; 2d ed. The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (German: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, abbreviated FSU, shortened form Uni Jena) is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany.. Schiller had four sisters, one older and three younger. Man thus becomes the creator of a pure and permanent world. Blank verse had been used by German playwrights before (notably Gotthold Ephraim Lessing in Nathan der Weise [1779]), but it was Schiller’s Don Carlos, together with Goethe’s Iphigenie auf Tauris (1787), that definitely established it as the recognized medium of German poetic drama. Description and history. Schiller was rescued from poverty by the patronage of a friend. On the other hand, Die Braut von Messina (1803) is compact and stylized. His appointment at the Mannheim lasted a single year because the management wanted drama that avoided the extravagances of Schiller's The Robbers and Intrigue and Love (1784), his next major play. Dec. 2, 2020. The inspiration for these poems was a 30-year-old widow, Dorothea Vischer, who had three children. August Wilhelm von Schlegel, older brother of the now more famous Fried…, Achim von Arnim Karlsschule was located in Stuttgart (a city in Württemberg) and was a rigidly disciplined academy established to train the sons of German army officers for public service. November 1759 in Marbach am Neckar ; † 9. Schiller occupied himself for many years afterward with the themes he employed in this drama. It hinders the creative work of the mind if the intellect examines too closely the ideas as they pour in. Early in 1790, Schiller married Charlotte von Lengefeld, also a gifted writer. What criteria would you use to assess the different bodies of work? 1845). Will and Will Power Johann Friedrich Von Schiller At the same time, Karl Moor is represented as a “sublime criminal,” and the play is a scathing indictment of a society that could drive so fundamentally noble a character to a career of crime. His final major treatise, Über naive und sentimentalische Dichtung (1795; On naive and sentimental poetry), defines the problem of the modern ("sentimental") writer's divided consciousness. London, 1918. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Translated by Charles E. Passage. For the first time, too, Schiller accomplished the presentation of a perfectly drawn and perfectly convincing noblewoman. Encyclopedia.com. It ranks as one of the literary monuments of the German Sturm und Drang period. Braveheart (1995), a film directed by Mel Gibson. His fourth play, Don Carlos, Infant von Spanien (1787; Don Carlos, infante of Spain), anticipates his later dramas in its use of blank verse and concern with historical and public themes. He was greatly influenced in his work by the writers he favored while in school (Rousseau, Seneca, Shakespeare, and Klopstock), the German theater, history, and ideas of natural philosophy as well as his friendship with Goethe. Johann Kaspar gave his son Friedrich a sound grammar school education until the age of 13 when, in deference to what amounted to a command from his despotic sovereign, he reluctantly agreed to send his boy to the Military Academy (the Karlsschule), an institution founded and personally supervised by the Duke. Retrieved December 19, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schiller-johann-christoph-friedrich-von. Sharpe, Lesley. He was born as Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller in Marbach am Neckar, W rttemberg, Holy Roman Empire. In spite of frequent illnesses, fevers, stomach upsets, and headaches, he wrote his final dissertation on the interrelationship between man's spiritual and physical natures. Birth and Education Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller was born on November 10, 1759, in Mar-bach, Germany, to an army captain and an innkeeper's daughter. In spite of the initial distance between them, Goethe had recommended Schiller for appointment to a professorship of history at the University of Jena, Schiller having presented the requisite credentials in his Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung (1788; “History of the Revolt of the United Netherlands against the Spanish Government”). https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schiller-johann-christoph-friedrich-von. Don Carlos was important in Schiller's dramatic development not only for its use of a historical setting but also for its employment of blank verse. His first three plays, Die Räuber, Die Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua (1783; The conspiracy of Fiesko at Genoa), and Kabale und Liebe (1784; Intrigue and love) owe much in style and spirit to the short-lived but influential avantgarde literary movement of the 1770s, the Sturm und Drang. Friedrich von Schiller November 10, 1759 - May 9, 1805 Johann Christopher Friedrich von Schiller’s major poetic and dramatic works — Die Räuber (1782), Don Carlos (1787), Wallenstein Stuart (1800) and Wilhelm Tell (1804) — all express a yearning for escape from tyranny. After the academy was moved to Stuttgart, Schiller endured five more years of harsh discipline there. Schiller's famous contemporaries include: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832): This German poet and philosopher was Schiller's close friend. Schiller captures the secret of great passion even in his earliest dramas. After months of intermittent illness, Schiller died in Weimar on May 9, 1805. With its historical setting and its use of blank verse to explore a theme of love versus duty, this play would prove important to Schiller's dramatic development. The rest of his life was a losing battle, fought with superb fortitude, against the inexorable advance of disease. In the preface to the first edition of this play, Schiller explained his views on the function of the chorus. (December 19, 2020). ." World Encyclopedia. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. In 1799 he completed his greatest drama, Wallenstein (published 1800). But positive qualities compensate for these faults: a wealth of exciting and moving scenes and a wide range of sharply individualized characters, the most memorable being the complex, brooding, and tragic figure of King Philip. Don Carlos and Mary Stuart. Friedrich Schiller was born on Nov. 10, 1759, in Marbach, Germany. His first play, Die Räuber (1781; The robbers), premiered at the Mannheim National Theater in 1782. (December 19, 2020). His notion of beauty as play and of aesthetic semblance have been important in later discussions of aesthetics. In his philosophical poem Das Ideal und das Leben (1795) the poet presents no clumsy didactic lesson. ; from 1992 by Norbert Oellers. The characteristically resonant note of Schiller’s blank verse is heard here for the first time. Blog. Early in 1790 Schiller married Charlotte von Lengefeld, a gifted writer. Though Schiller's importance is now widely recognized, he was better known as Goethe's contemporary for many years. Together they reflect Schiller's preoccupation with some of the pressing themes of the age of the French Revolution: legitimacy of government, conscience versus political calculation, and the individual within the tide of events. Born on 10 November 1759 in Marbach, in Württemberg, the only son of a low-ranking army officer, Schiller was educated from 1773 to 1780 at the military academy founded by Karl Eugen, duke of Württemberg (1728–1793). Carlyle, Thomas. Kant's dualism, according to which human beings belong to the realm of nature but also partake through reason in the realm of freedom, became fundamental to Schiller's thinking on aesthetics, for he saw art as a means of reconciling the tensions between nature and reason. 19 Dec. 2020 . Honor to woman! In the second year of their married life, Schiller’s health gave way under the strain of perpetual overwork. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. ." By this time, Prussia had emerged to first rank among the German territories, especially through the military brilliance of Frederick the Great, who ruled Prussia from 1740 until 1786. Compared to Maria Stuart, it is loosely constructed, He held this position for 10 years. Goethe believed he had "observed with his own eyes" tangible truths of nature that Schiller, however, called "ideas." Under the influence of Winckelmann's conception of the "schöne Antike," Schiller became convinced that only art can ennoble the barbarian and bring him culture. Chicago, 1972. Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (10 November 1759 – 9 May 1805), usually known as Friedrich Schiller, was a German poet, physician, historian, dramatist, and playwright. ." HOFMANNSTHAL, HUGO VON Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller, ab 1802 von Schiller (* 10. The robber chieftain Karl Moor of Die Räuber judges himself when he admits that two men like him would destroy the organic structure of the civilized world. This work of historical fiction is told from the perspective of Anne Boleyn's sister Mary, who was King Henry VIII's mistress before he married Anne. This play reflects Schiller's interest in classical antiquity.