By this time, ten of the Lancasters were out of service, leaving 244 to continue to Dresden. Causalty figures have varied mainly due to false information spread by Nazi German and Soviet propaganda. Since no official estimate had been developed, the numbers were speculative, but newspapers such as the Stockholm Svenska Morgonbladet used phrases such as "privately from Berlin," to explain where they had obtained the figures. 1,0 sur 5 étoiles Dresde en toile de fond. [38], The US Air Force Historical Division wrote a report in response to the international concern about the bombing that remained classified until December 1978. [132][133][134], An inquiry conducted at the behest of U.S. Army Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall, stated the raid was justified by the available intelligence. [55] Between 01:21 and 01:45, 529 Lancasters dropped more than 1,800 tons of bombs. Les témoignages font aussi dramatiquement état de la présence d'une tempête de feu (Feuersturm) sur plusieurs kilomètres carrés, confirmée par les analyses[32], avec des vents de la force d'une tornade[33] qui aspiraient vers le feu les victimes qui tentaient de se retenir[34],[35]. [147] Wing Commander H. R. Allen said, "The final phase of Bomber Command's operations was far and away the worst. She runs, she falls, and the child flies in an arc into the fire. The Wehrmacht's main command post in the Taschenbergpalais, 19 military hospitals and a number of less significant military facilities were also destroyed. This led to the city councils decision to rebuild a large amount of baroque buildings in accordance to historical designs, but with modern buildings in between them. Dresden was also obscured by clouds, so the groups targeted the city using H2X. By now, the thousands of fires from the burning city could be seen more than 60 miles (97 km) away on the ground, and 500 miles (800 km) away in the air, with smoke rising to 15,000 feet (4,600 m). [c][56] Wing Commander Maurice Smith, flying in a Mosquito, gave the order to the Lancasters: "Controller to Plate Rack Force: Come in and bomb glow of red target indicators as planned. [71] Frederick Taylor in Dresden (2004), basing most of his analysis on the work of Bergander and Schnatz, concludes that no strafing took place, although some stray bullets from aerial dogfights may have hit the ground and been mistaken for strafing by those in the vicinity. L’holocauste de Dresde, un crime impuni. On 8 February 1945, the Red Army crossed the Oder River, with positions just 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Berlin. An RAF memo issued to airmen on the night of the attack gave some reasoning for the raid: Dresden, the seventh largest city in Germany and not much smaller than Manchester is also the largest unbombed builtup area the enemy has got. Dresde fut commis délibérément, car Dresde est une crime contre des civils, pour faire définitivement plier les nazis. This is a doctrine to which I could never subscribe. Dresde 1945 on Amazon.com. [152] He further argues there was a strong prima facie case for trying Winston Churchill among others and a theoretical case Churchill could have been found guilty. [82] This group of 254 Lancasters carried 500 tons of high explosives and 375 tons of incendiaries ("fire bombs"). Les états-majors pensèrent que la ville servirait de nœud logistique pour ce transfert[4]. 17 juin 2019 - Découvrez le tableau "Dresde" de gerald sur Pinterest. We are all capable of evil and must be restrained by law from committing it. Longmate describes a 22 September 1941 memorandum prepared by the British Air Ministry's Directorate of Bombing Operations that puts numbers to this analysis (, *The number of bombers and tonnage of bombs are taken from a USAF document written in 1953 and classified secret until 1978 (, harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFGrayling2006 (, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Cookies hjælper os desuden med at få overblik over dit besøg på hjemmesiden. [53][54], The Lancasters crossed into French airspace near the Somme, then into Germany just north of Cologne. [33][34] However according to Richard Overy, the discussion with the Soviet Chief of Staff, Aleksei Antonov, recorded in the minutes, only mentions the bombing of Berlin and Leipzig. Four major raids were carried out in the span of 10 days, of which the most notable, on 27–28 July, created a devastating firestorm effect similar to Dresden's, killing at least 45,000 people. [15][16][17] The city authorities at the time estimated up to 25,000 victims, a figure that subsequent investigations supported, including a 2010 study commissioned by the city council. Berceau du mouvement xénophobe Pegida, Dresde est une ville politiquement très divisée. But to do so was always repugnant and now that the Germans are beaten anyway we can properly abstain from proceeding with these attacks. The bombing of Dresden was a British-American aerial bombing attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, during World War II.In four raids between 13 and 15 February 1945, 722 heavy bombers of the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and 527 of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped more than 3,900 tons of high-explosive bombs and incendiary devices on the city. c) un document de 101 pages (Helmut Schnatz) sur les attaques de civils à la mitrailleuse depuis des avions à basse altitude, attaques dont la réalité est alléguée et non prouvée, aucune découverte archéologique de balles de calibre 50 -12,7mm- près de l'Elbe, par exemple, n'ayant été faite. ph, bombardement lysekrone 2/1, hængelampe, reserveret reserveret reserveret bombardement lysekrone i meget pÆn stand, flot stel, og med glas der er flotte og intakte ingen fejl. The next set of aircraft to leave England were twin-engined Mosquito marker planes, which would identify target areas and drop 1,000-pound (450 kg) target indicators (TIs)"[50] that created a red glow for the bombers to aim at. Il détruisit presque entièrement la ville allemande de Dresde, dans le cadre d'un bombardement combiné en . archive DRESDE OU LA MÉMOIRE BLESSÉE En deux jours, les 14 et 15 février 1945, RAF et Américains ont lâché 800 000 bombes sur la capitale saxonne. Le bombardement de Dresde eut lieu du 13 au 15 février 1945, selon les principes de la directive du ministère de l'Aviation du gouvernement britannique sur le bombardement de zone du 14 février 1942, devenue avec l'USAAF la directive de Casablanca (en) en 1943. Le duc de Kent était à Dresde pour la remise du “Prix de la paix” à Kim Phuc Phan Thi, ... (pire que le phosphore). If we come into control of an entirely ruined land, there will be a great shortage of accommodation for ourselves and our allies. The feeling, such as there is, over Dresden, could be easily explained by any psychiatrist. The tonnage and types of bombs listed in the service records of the Dresden raid were comparable to (or less than) throw weights of bombs dropped in other air attacks carried out in 1945. [35] The bombing of Dresden was a Western plan, but the Soviets were told in advance about the operation. Le compte de 200 000 morts avancé par l'écrivain négationniste David Irving était appuyé sur un rapport de police (Tagesbefehl -TB- Nr. Taylor suggests that, although the destruction of Dresden would have affected people's support for the Allies regardless of German propaganda, at least some of the outrage did depend on Goebbels' falsification of the casualty figures. Sont accessibles principalement[42] le rapport final (Abschlussbericht) sur Internet; le projet Mathildenstrasse, étude d'une rue-témoin du centre-ville[43], et l'ouvrage publié par l'Institut Hannah Arendt de Dresde. Le bombardement de Dresde, qui eut lieu du 13 au 15 février 1945, selon les principes de la Directive du ministère de l'air du gouvernement britannique sur le bombardement de zone du 14 février 1942 devenue avec l'USAAF celle de en 1943, détruisit presque entièrement la ville allemande de Dresde, dans le cadre d'un bombardement combiné en Bomber stream. L'United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) et la Royal Air Force (RAF) utilisèrent des bombes incendiaires notamment à la thermite[1], l'emploi du phosphore étant lui discuté. H2X aiming caused the groups to bomb with a wide dispersal over the Dresden area. Le bombardement de Hambourg fut l'un des épisodes les plus meurtriers de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Dead and dying people were trampled upon, luggage was left or snatched up out of our hands by rescuers. Le 28 mars 1945, Winston Churchill s'interrogea dans une note d'état major sur l'opportunité de ce bombardement[18]. [111] Under pressure from the Chiefs of Staff and in response to the views expressed by Portal and Harris among others, Churchill withdrew his memo and issued a new one. Depuis janvier 1945, des raids sur l’Allemagne étaient lancés autant pour détruire les usines que pour faire vivre le peuple allemand dans l… The inquiry concluded that by the presence of active German military units nearby, and the presence of fighters and anti-aircraft within an effective range, Dresden qualified as "defended". Le bombardement qui ne « pouvait pas avoir lieu ». [83] The same report said that the raids had destroyed 24 banks, 26 insurance buildings, 31 stores and retail houses, 640 shops, 64 warehouses, 2 market halls, 31 large hotels, 26 public houses, 63 administrative buildings, 3 theatres, 18 cinemas, 11 churches, 6 chapels; 5 other cultural buildings, 19 hospitals including auxiliary, overflow hospitals, and private clinics, 39 schools, 5 consulates, the zoo, the waterworks, the railways, 19 postal facilities, 4 tram facilities, and 19 ships and barges. Une estimation à 250 000 morts a été avancée par les Soviétiques. The death toll of 135,000 given by Vonnegut was taken from The Destruction of Dresden, a 1963 book by David Irving. [13] Der Spiegel writes that, for decades, the Communist government of East Germany promoted the bombing as an example of "Anglo-American terror," and now the same rhetoric is being used by the far right. The first was on 2 March 1945, by 406 B-17s, which dropped 940 tons of high-explosive bombs and 141 tons of incendiaries. The Americans only came the following day to plow over the rubble. Today they are officer's schools ("Offiziersschule des Heeres") for the Bundeswehr and its military history museum (from prehistoric to modern times). The industrial plants of Dresden played no significant role in German industry at this stage in the war". President Franklin Roosevelt (1882-1945), British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1874-1965) and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin (1878-1953)met at Yalta in the USSR and compromised on their visions of the postwar world. In a 1965 letter to The Guardian, Irving later adjusted his estimates even higher, "almost certainly between 100,000 and 250,000", but all these figures were shortly found to be inflated: Irving finally published a correction in The Times in a 1966 letter to the editor[164] lowering it to 25,000, in line with subsequent scholarship. "[146], According to historian Sönke Neitzel, "it is difficult to find any evidence in German documents that the destruction of Dresden had any consequences worth mentioning on the Eastern Front. The Hague Conventions, addressing the codes of wartime conduct on land and at sea, were adopted before the rise of air power. [143] The "hutted camps" mentioned in the report as military targets were also not military but were camps for refugees. Le bombardement de Dresde, dans la partie orientale de l'Allemagne, demeure pour l'Europe le pendant d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki au Japon: une horreur méthodiquement préparée, organisée et exécutée par ceux qui se présentent encore aujourd'hui comme les «libérateurs». [145] McKee further asserts "The bomber commanders were not really interested in any purely military or economic targets, which was just as well, for they knew very little about Dresden; the RAF even lacked proper maps of the city. [7], The third and fourth points say that the size of the Dresden raid—in terms of numbers, types of bombs and the means of delivery—were commensurate with the military objective and similar to other Allied bombings. [141] Two-thirds of the remaining population reportedly fled the city after the raids.[142]. [41], The USAF report also states that two of Dresden's traffic routes were of military importance: north-south from Germany to Czechoslovakia, and east–west along the central European uplands. It was estimated that at least 23% of the city's industrial buildings were destroyed or severely damaged. Après ceux d’Hiroshima et de Nagasaki, il s’agit du bombardement aérien le plus meurtrier de cette guerre. Bombardement dresde. He claims that Winston Churchill's decision to bomb a shattered Germany between January and May 1945 was a war crime. [125], In 2003, a petition in support of reconstructing the Neumarkt area was signed by nearly 68,000 people, amounting to 15% of the entire electorate. At 21:39 the Reich Air Defence Leadership issued an enemy aircraft warning for Dresden, although at that point it was thought Leipzig might be the target. The raids became a symbol of the “terror bombing” campaign against Germany, which was one of the most controversial Allied actions of the war. The Allies were aware of the effects of firebombing, as British cities had been subject to them during the Blitz. See reviews & details on a wide selection of Blu-ray & DVDs, both new & used. From February 4 to February 11, the Big Three Allied leadersU.S. We use cookies and similar tools to enhance your shopping experience, to provide our services, understand how customers use our services so we can make improvements, and display ads. 5 Group flying over the head of the fan (Ostragehege stadium) on prearranged compass bearings and releasing their bombs at different prearranged times.[58][59]. Around 78,000 dwellings had been completely destroyed; 27,700 were uninhabitable, and 64,500 damaged but readily repairable. The sirens started sounding in Dresden at 21:51 (CET). Elles peuvent être employées pour nettoyer une zone, par exemple à des fins de déforestation du camp ennemi, comme ce fut le cas lor… According to him, 600,000 civilians died during the allied bombing of German cities, including 72,000 children. [143] It is also stated that the important Autobahn bridge to the west of the city was not targeted or attacked, and that no railway stations were on the British target maps, nor any bridges, such as the railway bridge spanning the Elbe River. [7] Une hypothèse (défendue entre autres par l'Allemagne de l'Est à partir de 1949) était que les Alliés occidentaux avaient voulu laisser à l'Union soviétique une zone d'occupation détruite.[réf. [121], The new Frauenkirche was reconstructed over seven years by architects using 3D computer technology to analyse old photographs and every piece of rubble that had been kept and was formally consecrated on 30 October 2005, in a service attended by some 1,800 guests, including Germany's president, Horst Köhler; previous and current chancellors, Gerhard Schröder and Angela Merkel; and the Duke of Kent. "[25] Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris, AOCinC Bomber Command, nicknamed "Bomber" Harris in the British press, and known as an ardent supporter of area bombing,[26] was asked for his view, and proposed a simultaneous attack on Chemnitz, Leipzig and Dresden. Pour son coprésident, Tino Chrupalla, le véritable bilan serait d'« environ 100 000 victimes »[30]. [68], Strafing of civilians has become a traditional part of the oral history of the raids, since a March 1945 article in the Nazi-run weekly newspaper Das Reich claimed this had occurred. Altid hurtig levering, 100 dages returret & prisgaranti! Le 13 février 1945, les démocraties anglaise et américaine commencent le plus brutal Mais, ce 13 février 1945, les démocraties anglaise et américaine commencent le plus brutal bombardement de la 2e Guerre mondiale (exceptées les bombes atomiques sur le Japon). La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 7 novembre 2020 à 17:25. Though no one involved in the bombing of Dresden was ever charged with a war crime, some hold the opinion that the bombing was one. À l'arrière-plan, la manufacture de tabac Yenidze. [29][30], On 31 January, Bottomley sent Portal a message saying a heavy attack on Dresden and other cities "will cause great confusion in civilian evacuation from the east and hamper movement of reinforcements from other fronts". [b] This was a group of Lancasters from Bomber Command's 83 Squadron, No. » La photo du célèbre photographe Richard Petersen montre les ruines de la Mohrenapotheke dans la Johannesstraße (aujourd’hui St. Petersburger Straße) à Dresde. Commentaire Signaler un abus. [85], According to official German report Tagesbefehl (Order of the Day) no. Des estimations élevées se réfèrent souvent à des déclarations de témoins oculaires qui ne peuvent plus être réexaminées, ainsi qu'à des informations de sources aux motifs divers (parfois négationnistes) : Le bilan finalement admis est de 25 000 morts maximum (dont 18 000 corps identifiés), établi par une commission d'historiens dirigée par Rolf-Dieter Müller et mandatée par la ville de Dresde en 2004-2010[29]. Skønt det britiske luftbombardement af Dresden i 1945 vakte debat fra begyndelsen, må det fastslås, at angrebet ikke har noget med krigsforbrydelser at gøre. [8] Critics of the bombing have asserted that Dresden was a cultural landmark while downplaying its strategic significance, and claim that the attacks were indiscriminate area bombing and not proportionate to the military gains. [75], Of 796 British bombers who participated in the raid, six were lost, three of those hit by bombs dropped by aircraft flying over them. La ville de Dresde était très importante pour l’Allemagne, notamment au niveau historique. La réalité a dû être encore plus dure. Three hundred and sixty heavy bombers (Lancasters and Halifaxes) bombed a synthetic oil plant in Böhlen, 60 miles (97 km) from Dresden, while de Havilland Mosquito medium bombers attacked Magdeburg, Bonn, Misburg near Hanover and Nuremberg. Den allierede Operation Market Garden mislykkedes i store træk på trods af, at de tyske tropper var spredt og isoleret i store områder af Europa.Det lykkedes at koncentrere tyske tropper i forbindelse med Ardenneroffensiven. [124] The society is committed to reconstructing the historic city centre as much as possible. [42] The city was at the junction of the Berlin-Prague-Vienna railway line, as well as the Munich-Breslau, and Hamburg-Leipzig lines. So many people were horribly burnt and injured. [88] Three municipal and 17 rural cemeteries outside Dresden recorded up to 30 April 1945 a total of at least 21,895 buried bodies of the Dresden raids, including those cremated on the Altmarkt. [37] Nonetheless, according to some historians, the contribution of Dresden to the German war effort may not have been as significant as the planners thought. La croyance des habitants dans l'impossibilité d'une attaque massive était très répandue et les réfugiés de l'Est s'y dirigeaient spontanément. Unusually, the map showing the route to the target was covered by a sheet. The other groups all bombed Dresden between 12:00 and 12:10. It is connected with German bands and Dresden shepherdesses. Apart from that, everything he says is true. Køb PH 2/1 Bombardement Glas Overskærm - Louis Poulsen her. [127][128], The bombing of Dresden remains controversial and is subject to an ongoing debate by historians and scholars regarding the moral and military justifications surrounding the event. Le gouvernement nazi utilisa ce bombardement à des fins de propagande. "But there were too many corpses to bury. Le 25 février, une nouvelle note paraissait, accompagnée de photos d'enfants brûlés, sous le titre Dresde - Massacre de Réfugiés et indiquant que 200 000 personnes étaient mortes.[réf. Du 13 au 15 février 1945 suivant le plan « Bomber Harris* » du boucher Harris les bombardiers de la Royal Air Force et de l’U.S. They fainted and then burnt to cinders. Le At 22:00 hours, the force heading for Böhlen split away from Plate Rack, which turned south east toward the Elbe. On the following day, only a single US bomber was shot down, as the large escort force was able to prevent Luftwaffe day fighters from disrupting the attack.[76]. [13] An example can be found in the extremist nationalist party Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD). [92] Since 1989, despite extensive excavation for new buildings, no war-related bodies have been found. Stort udvalg af Bombardement til billige priser. b) le projet Mathildenstrasse, 12 pages, (Anton Tuch) avec l'étude d'une rue comme exemple; At 21:59 the Local Air Raid Leadership confirmed that the bombers were in the area of Dresden-Pirna. "Le 7 mai 1945, juste avant la capitulation allemande, Patton eut une conférence en Autriche avec le Secrétaire américain à la Guerre Robert Patterson. 93% (33 votes) Votez cet article . During the Second World War, Britain was on summer time and. Marshall's tribunal declared that no extraordinary decision was made to single out Dresden (e.g. [103], One of the journalists asked whether the principal aim of bombing Dresden would be to cause confusion among the refugees or to blast communications carrying military supplies. [16] On 4 March, Das Reich, a weekly newspaper founded by Goebbels, published a lengthy article emphasizing the suffering and destruction of a cultural icon, without mentioning any damage the attacks had caused to the German war effort. [130] Specifically, whether the attack can be considered a war crime depends on whether the city was defended and whether resistance was offered against an approaching enemy. Attacks on cities like any other act of war are intolerable unless they are strategically justified. It is a baby. Des milliers de réfugiés qui fuient l’avancée de l’Armée rouge et de soldats blessés, qui sont soignés dans 25 hôpitaux, s’entassent dans la ville dont il est difficile de déterminer précisément le nombre d'habitants. [130], The bombing of Dresden has been used by Holocaust deniers and pro-Nazi polemicists—most notably by British writer David Irving in his book The Destruction of Dresden—in an attempt to establish a moral equivalence between the war crimes committed by the Nazi government and the killing of German civilians by Allied bombing raids. Le bombardement de Dresde, qui eut lieu du 13 au 15 février 1945, selon les principes de la Directive du ministère de l'air du gouvernement britannique sur le bombardement de zone du 14 février 1942 devenue avec l'USAAF celle de en 1943, détruisit presque entièrement la ville allemande de Dresde, dans le cadre d'un bombardement combiné en Bomber stream. By this point in the war, the Luftwaffe was severely hampered by a shortage of both pilots and aircraft fuel; the German radar system was also degraded, lowering the warning time to prepare for air attacks. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème Guerre, Crimes de guerres, Guerre mondiale. Le premier maire communiste de Dresde, après la guerre, Walter Weidauer (de), considérait en 1946 les attaques comme évitables bien qu'ayant été provoquées par les « fascistes allemands ». Sammen med overskærmen leveres også 4 styk balanceringe.Disse ringe kan du anvende på de andre 4 overskærme. "Timewitnesses", moderated by Tom Halloway, Margaret Freyer, survivor, cited in Cary, John. Les commémorations des bombardements de 1945 l’ont une nouvelle fois prouvé. As Dresden had been largely untouched during the war due to its location, it was one of the few remaining functional rail and communications centres. He asserted in Dresden im Luftkrieg (1977) that only a few tales of civilians being strafed were reliable in detail, and all were related to the daylight attack on 14 February.